Genetic response to pollution in sticklebacks; natural - DiVA

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The threespine stickleback is a relatively small, silvery fish averaging two inches in length, and having a laterally compressed body, which narrows at the caudal peduncle area. These fish have three dorsal spines, two pelvic spines, and one anal spine at the posterior of the anal fin. The pelvic fins have one spine and one soft ray differentiating it from the blackspotted stickleback, which has two soft rays. Stickleback. Sticklebacks typically have well-developed dorsal and pelvic spines, and a variable number of boney plates (scutes) on the body. Sticklebacks can be found in a variety of different habitats in the temperate and arctic zones of North America, Asia and Europe.

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PELVIC REDUCTION IN STICKLEBACK FISH 907 Pelvic reduction has been studied from diverse perspectives in G. aculeatus and other stickle-backs (Bell 1987). In G. aculeatus, it is widely distributed in postglacial freshwater habitats throughout the northern hemisphere and must have evolved independently several times (Bell 1987, 1988).

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These fish have three dorsal spines, two pelvic spines, and one anal spine at the posterior of the anal fin. The pelvic fins have one spine and one soft ray The pelvic skeleton of threespine stickleback fish contributes to defence against predatory vertebrates, but rare populations exhibit vestigial pelvic phenotypes.
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It has long been a subject of scientific study for many reasons. It shows great morphological variation throughout its range, ideal for questions about evolution and population genetics. Many populations are anadromous and very tolerant of changes in salinity, a subject of interest to physiologists.

The pelvic spines are attached to the pelvic girdle. A stickleback without pelvic spines. The fish has a reduced pelvic girdle (indicated by the circles) with no pelvic spines attached to it. 1.
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(the loss of Pitx1 expression resulting in a reduction in pelvic spi aculeatus, the three-spined stickleback, has become a laboratory fish because of its small size mesenchyme thickenings and the pelvic spines are formed. The loss of stickleback pelvic spines is similar to the loss of which body parts in Provide two reasons why the three-spine stickleback fish is a useful model David Kingsley described in the film Evolving Switches, Evolving Bodies. +. Pelvic Spine.

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Those in most marine populations also have prominent bony plates along their sides, but these plates are fewer or even lacking in freshwater populations.